EM 1110-2-1100 (Part V)
31 Jul 2003
Table V-3-5
Empirical Relationships for Nearshore Breakwater Design
Inman and Frautschy (1966)
Predicts accretion condition; based on beach response at
Venice in Santa Monica, CA
Toyoshima (1972, 1974)
Recommends design guidance based on prototype performance
of 86 breakwater systems along the Japanese coast
Noble (1978)
Predicts coastal impact of structures in terms of offshore
distance and length; based on California prototype breakwaters
Walker, Clark, and Pope (1980)
Discusses method used to design the Lakeview Park, Lorain,
OH, segmented system for salient formation; develops the
Diffraction Energy Method based on diffraction coefficient
isolines for representative waves from predominant directions
Gourlay (1981)
Predicts beach response; based on physical model and field
observations
Nir (1982)
Predicts accretion condition; based on performance of 12 Israeli
breakwaters
Rosen and Vadja (1982)
Graphically presents relationships to predict equilbrium salient
and tombolo size; based on physical model/prototype data
Hallermeier (1983)
Develops relationships for depth limit of sediment transport and
prevention of tombolo formation; based on field/laboratory data
Noda (1984)
Evaluates physical parameters controlling development of
tombolos/salients; especially due to on-offshore transport;
based on laboratory experiments
Shore Protection Manual (1984)
Presents limits of tombolo formation from structure length and
distance offshore; based on the pattern of diffracting wave
crests in the lee of a breakwater
Dally and Pope (1986)
Recommends limits of structure-distance ratio based on type of
shoreline advance desired and length of beach to be protected
Harris and Herbich (1986)
Presents relationship for average quantity of sand deposited in
lee and gap areas; based on laboratory tests
Japanese Ministry of Construction (1986);
Develops step-by-step iterative procedure, providing specific
Rosati and Truitt (1990)
guidelines towards final design; tends to result in tombolo
formation; based on Japanese breakwaters
Pope and Dean (1986)
Presents bounds of beach response based on prototype
performance; response given as a function of segment length-
to-gap ratio and effective distance offshore-to-depth at structure
ratio; provides beach response index classification
Seiji, Uda, and Tanaka (1987)
Predicts gap erosion; based on performance of 1,500 Japanese
breakwaters
Sonu and Warwar (1987)
Presents relationship for tombolo growth at the Santa Monica,
CA breakwater
Suh and Dalrymple (1987)
Gives relationship for salient length given structure length and
surf zone location; based on lab tests and prototype data
Berenguer and Enriquez (1988)
Presents various relationships for pocket beaches including gap
erosion and maximum stable surface area (i.e., beach fill);
based on projects along the Spanish coast
Ahrens and Cox (1990)
Uses Pope and Dean (1986) to develop a relationship for
expected morphological response as function of segment-to-gap
ratio
(from Chasten et al. 1993)
V-3-52
Shore Protection Projects
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