Chapter V-3. Shore Protection Projects
Figure V-3-1. Oosterschelde storm surge barri
Alternatives for shore protection.
Table V-3-2. Alternatives for Coastal Hazard Mitigation
Table V-3-2. Alternatives for Coastal Hazard Mitigation (cont)
Figure V-3-2. Alternatives for shore protection
Design constraints.
Design Constraints
Figure V-3-3. Shift from hard (armored walls, groins, etc.) to soft (beach nourishment) alternatives by the Corps of Engineers (from Hillyer 1996)
Benefits.
Beach nourishment can also enhance the natural environment.
Benefit/cost ratios.
Impact on natural sediment transport system.
Institutional (policies and guidelines).
Political (social well-being).
Cultural resources must also be considered
Legal (laws).
Aesthetics.
Coastal Armoring Structures
Figure V-3-4. Different types of seawalls and dikes (from Pilarczyk 1990)
Figure V-3-5. Galveston, Texas, seawall
Figure V-3-5. Galveston, Texas, seawall (cont)
Figure V-3-6. Virginia Beach seawall/boardwa
Figure V-3-7. Typical bulkhead types
Functional design.
Figure V-3-8. Summary of revetment alternatives
Figure V-3-8. Summary of revetment alternatives (cont)
Interaction with adjacent beaches
Figure V-3-9. Time scales for shoreline movements
Concerns Probably True
Table V-3-3. Assessment of Commonly Expressed Concerns Related to Coastal Armoring (Dean 1987)
Frontal impacts.
Impacts on laterally adjacent beach.
Active volume in the cross-shore profile.
Beach Stabilization Structures
Figure V-3-10. Naturally stable shorelines with beach width dependent on stormwave energy (from Silvester and Hsu 1993)
Headland breakwaters.
Figure V-3-11. Natural and artificial stable shorelines with minimum dry beach width, Ymin
Figure V-3-12. Definition sketch of artificial headland system and beach planform (from EM 1110-2-1617)
Figure V-3-13. Definition sketch of parabolic model for planform shape
Figure V-3-14. Definition sketch, headland breakwaters
Van Dyke Project
Nearshore breakwaters.
Figure V-3-16. Headland breakwater project on the Chesapeake Bay (from Hardaway and Gunn 1999)
Physical processes. - PartV-Chap30051
Figure V-3-18. Santa Monica, California, breakwater and salient (circa 1967). Littoral drift from bottom to top (from Chasten et al. 1993)
Shore Protection Projects
Figure V-3-20. Definition schematic for nearshore breakwaters
Table V-3-4. Summary of U.S. Breakwater Projects (from Chasten et al. 1993)
Salients or tombolos.
Figure V-3-21. Definitions of key variables for nearshore breakwater
Table V-3-5. Empirical Relationships for Nearshore Breakwater Design
Salients or tombolos. (cont)
Table V-3-6. Conditions for Shoreline Response Behind Nearshore Breakwaters (from Chasten et al. 1993)
Figure V-3-22. Dimensionless plot of nearshore breakwater projects For Y/ds versus Ls/Lg (from Pope and Dean 1986)
Other design factors.
Nontraditional designs.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM V-3-1
EXAMPLE PROBLEM V-3-1 (cont)
Figure V-3-23. General shoreline adjustment for direction of net longshore transport
Groins.
Figure V-3-24. Rubble-mound groin, Westhampton Beach, New York
Figure V-3-25. Timber sheet-pile groin, NASA Space Flight Center, Wallops Island, Virginia
Figure V-3-26. Timber-steel sheet-pile groin, New Jersey
Figure V-3-27. Prestressed-concrete sheet-pile groin, Dohney Beach State Park, California
Figure V-3-28. Cellular-steel sheet-pile groin, Presque Isle, Pennsylvania
Table V-3-7. Main Parameters Governing Beach Response and Bypassing at Groins (from Kraus, Hanson, and Blomgren 1994)
Table V-3-8. Functional Properties Attributed to Groins and their Critical Evaluation (from Kraus, Hanson, and Blomgren 1994)
Physical processes. - PartV-Chap30075
Functional design
Figure V-3-29. Definition sketch of key variables in the functioning of groins
Table V-3-9. Process-Based Factors Controlling Groins
Figure V-3-30. Westhampton Beach, New York, groin field and renourished beach, 1998 (courtesy USAED, New York)
Figure V-3-31. Typical groin profile with sloping section
Figure V-3-32. Transition from groin field to natural beach
Basic rules for functional design of groins.
Cross-section model
Reefs, sills and wetlands.
Wave attenuation.
Nonstructural Alternatives
Breakwater and sill project after
Retreat
Baytown, Texas.
Special cases.
Table V-3-11. Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, Shore Protection History
Combinations and New Technologies
Combinations.
Cross section
New technologies.
Geotextile filled bags.
Innovative technology demonstration program.
Do-Nothing
References - PartV-Chap30099
References (cont) - PartV-Chap30100
References (cont) - PartV-Chap30101
References (cont) - PartV-Chap30102
References (cont) - PartV-Chap30103
References (cont) - PartV-Chap30104
References (cont) - PartV-Chap30105
References (cont) - PartV-Chap30106
References (cont) - PartV-Chap30107
References (cont) - PartV-Chap30108
References (cont) - PartV-Chap30109
References (cont) - PartV-Chap30110
References (cont) - PartV-Chap30111
References (cont) - PartV-Chap30112
References (cont) - PartV-Chap30113
References (cont) - PartV-Chap30114
Definition of Symbols - PartV-Chap30115
Acknowledgments - PartV-Chap30116
PartV-Chap3
Figure V-3-1. Oosterschelde storm surge barri
Alternatives for shore protection.
Table V-3-2. Alternatives for Coastal Hazard Mitigation
Table V-3-2. Alternatives for Coastal Hazard Mitigation (cont)
Figure V-3-2. Alternatives for shore protection
Design constraints.
Design Constraints
Figure V-3-3. Shift from hard (armored walls, groins, etc.) to soft (beach nourishment) alternatives by the Corps of Engineers (from Hillyer 1996)
Benefits.
Beach nourishment can also enhance the natural environment.
Benefit/cost ratios.
Impact on natural sediment transport system.
Institutional (policies and guidelines).
Political (social well-being).
Cultural resources must also be considered
Legal (laws).
Aesthetics.
Coastal Armoring Structures
Figure V-3-4. Different types of seawalls and dikes (from Pilarczyk 1990)
Figure V-3-5. Galveston, Texas, seawall
Figure V-3-5. Galveston, Texas, seawall (cont)
Figure V-3-6. Virginia Beach seawall/boardwa
Figure V-3-7. Typical bulkhead types
Functional design.
Figure V-3-8. Summary of revetment alternatives
Figure V-3-8. Summary of revetment alternatives (cont)
Interaction with adjacent beaches
Figure V-3-9. Time scales for shoreline movements
Concerns Probably True
Table V-3-3. Assessment of Commonly Expressed Concerns Related to Coastal Armoring (Dean 1987)
Frontal impacts.
Impacts on laterally adjacent beach.
Active volume in the cross-shore profile.
Beach Stabilization Structures
Figure V-3-10. Naturally stable shorelines with beach width dependent on stormwave energy (from Silvester and Hsu 1993)
Headland breakwaters.
Figure V-3-11. Natural and artificial stable shorelines with minimum dry beach width, Ymin
Figure V-3-12. Definition sketch of artificial headland system and beach planform (from EM 1110-2-1617)
Figure V-3-13. Definition sketch of parabolic model for planform shape
Figure V-3-14. Definition sketch, headland breakwaters
Van Dyke Project
Nearshore breakwaters.
Figure V-3-16. Headland breakwater project on the Chesapeake Bay (from Hardaway and Gunn 1999)
Physical processes. - PartV-Chap30051
Figure V-3-18. Santa Monica, California, breakwater and salient (circa 1967). Littoral drift from bottom to top (from Chasten et al. 1993)
Shore Protection Projects
Figure V-3-20. Definition schematic for nearshore breakwaters
Table V-3-4. Summary of U.S. Breakwater Projects (from Chasten et al. 1993)
Salients or tombolos.
Figure V-3-21. Definitions of key variables for nearshore breakwater
Table V-3-5. Empirical Relationships for Nearshore Breakwater Design
Salients or tombolos. (cont)
Table V-3-6. Conditions for Shoreline Response Behind Nearshore Breakwaters (from Chasten et al. 1993)
Figure V-3-22. Dimensionless plot of nearshore breakwater projects For Y/ds versus Ls/Lg (from Pope and Dean 1986)
Other design factors.
Nontraditional designs.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM V-3-1
EXAMPLE PROBLEM V-3-1 (cont)
Figure V-3-23. General shoreline adjustment for direction of net longshore transport
Groins.
Figure V-3-24. Rubble-mound groin, Westhampton Beach, New York
Figure V-3-25. Timber sheet-pile groin, NASA Space Flight Center, Wallops Island, Virginia
Figure V-3-26. Timber-steel sheet-pile groin, New Jersey
Figure V-3-27. Prestressed-concrete sheet-pile groin, Dohney Beach State Park, California
Figure V-3-28. Cellular-steel sheet-pile groin, Presque Isle, Pennsylvania
Table V-3-7. Main Parameters Governing Beach Response and Bypassing at Groins (from Kraus, Hanson, and Blomgren 1994)
Table V-3-8. Functional Properties Attributed to Groins and their Critical Evaluation (from Kraus, Hanson, and Blomgren 1994)
Physical processes. - PartV-Chap30075
Functional design
Figure V-3-29. Definition sketch of key variables in the functioning of groins
Table V-3-9. Process-Based Factors Controlling Groins
Figure V-3-30. Westhampton Beach, New York, groin field and renourished beach, 1998 (courtesy USAED, New York)
Figure V-3-31. Typical groin profile with sloping section
Figure V-3-32. Transition from groin field to natural beach
Basic rules for functional design of groins.
Cross-section model
Reefs, sills and wetlands.
Wave attenuation.
Nonstructural Alternatives
Breakwater and sill project after
Retreat
Baytown, Texas.
Special cases.
Table V-3-11. Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, Shore Protection History
Combinations and New Technologies
Combinations.
Cross section
New technologies.
Geotextile filled bags.
Innovative technology demonstration program.
Do-Nothing
References - PartV-Chap30099
References (cont) - PartV-Chap30100
References (cont) - PartV-Chap30101
References (cont) - PartV-Chap30102
References (cont) - PartV-Chap30103
References (cont) - PartV-Chap30104
References (cont) - PartV-Chap30105
References (cont) - PartV-Chap30106
References (cont) - PartV-Chap30107
References (cont) - PartV-Chap30108
References (cont) - PartV-Chap30109
References (cont) - PartV-Chap30110
References (cont) - PartV-Chap30111
References (cont) - PartV-Chap30112
References (cont) - PartV-Chap30113
References (cont) - PartV-Chap30114
Definition of Symbols - PartV-Chap30115
Acknowledgments - PartV-Chap30116
PartV-Chap3
